Abstract

This paper discusses the current state of indigenous languages in theUSAand the possibilities, initiatives and significance of their revitalization in conditions of phenomenal growth and dominance of the English language. In spite of the apparent resistance of these languages to forces of assimilation, the fact that they are not being transmitted to the next generation is seen as the greatest danger to their maintenance. After a brief overview of the number, geographical areas and stages of language loss for Indian, Native Alaskan and Native Californian languages, as well as institutions and legal policies and acts in charge of their maintenance, the author focuses on the importance of their stabilization and revitalization through various programs and initiatives taken after the passage of Native American Language Act in 1990. Special attention is given to cases of successful indigenous community-based language education, especially to immersion programs and their contribution to reversing heritage language shift. Apart from educational institutions and indigenous language literacy, the paper recognizes the role of social networks, especially family and local community relations in the revitalization of the Native American languages. In conclusion, the author suggests several strategies that may contribute to language stabilization, but leaves open questions about whether indigenous language loss in theUnited Statescan in any way be stopped without intergenerational transmission of indigenous mother tongues at home, and about whether language diversity can be maintained both in theUSAand worldwide.